Semestre Económico

Management of the National Rural Sanitation Program and its impact on quality of life: Case of the Yunguyo population centers, Puno, Peru

Carol Fabiola Veliz Gonzales — 2025-04-30

The results chain is a key tool for explaining how state public services contribute to the creation of public value. The objective of this study was to evaluate the management of the National Rural Sanitation Program (Programa Nacional de Saneamiento Rural –Water and Sanitation Service) and its impact on the quality of life in the population centers of Yunguyo, Puno, Peru. Using a quantitative approach and correlational design, a structured survey was administered to a sample of 285 beneficiary users. The data were analyzed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient, yielding a significant positive correlation (Rho=0.656) between program management and improved quality of life. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of corrective and preventive maintenance activities for the water system, although strengthening water disinfection and quality of life is recommended. In terms of quality, improvements are concentrated in the areas of social inclusion and emotional well-being.

Formative research in frame with the SDG-4 of the 2030 Agenda at Ixtapaluca Institute of Technological Studies

María Eugenia Estrada Chavira — 2025-04-30

Technological innovations direct to international education, referred to in the 2030 plan in the third sustainable development goal: quality education. In this work, it excels the concept of formative research that has three axes: teaching, researching, and society during the university level because it develops in the learner’s abilities of interpreting, analysis, and synthesis. The objective in the present work was to analyze the educative research in the Ixtapaluca Institute of Technological Studies (TESI) and to determine if it corresponds to an administrative process with the general theory of systems as methodology. The results show that the TESI realizes the three phases of a system: entrance, process, and exit, and also gives constant feedback as needed. Accepting that in the TESI the entrants are the new entry students, the process has three curricular matters and the residency project. The exit is the student with elements to use them in society in the work field. The conclusion was that the TESI student gets basic elements of research in his major. The recommendation is to emphasize the formative process as a student researcher and to do more promotion of the residency process to increase the number of students in it.

Differentiated Tariffs and Their Impact on the Economies of the Andean Community of Nations

Roberto Arpi Mayta — 2025-04-30

In recent years, the reintroduction of differentiated tariffs has transformed the international trade landscape, generating a disruption in global value chains and significantly affecting regions such as the Andean Community of Nations (CAN). This editorial reflects on how these tariff policies have undermined the competitiveness of traditional Andean exports, raised the costs associated with foreign trade, and accentuated both economic and social weaknesses in member countries. Recent data show a slowdown in regional growth and a contraction of employment in key trade sectors. In response, it is argued that the CAN’s ability to adapt to this volatile environment depends on strengthening its collective strategies: smart market diversification, consolidation of regional value chains, updating its trade agreements, and modernizing its logistics and digital infrastructure. In short, the article invites urgent reflection on the need for more dynamic and resilient regional integration, which will allow it to robustly address the challenges of an increasingly fragmented global trading system.

Determinants of informality: an analysis for Peru, 2019 and 2022

Evelin Sheyla Bautista Prado — 2025-04-30

The increase in high rates of labor informality in the country, exacerbated by the arrival of the pandemic crisis, shows the need to evaluate the socioeconomic determinants and their marginal effects in Peru according to the years 2019 and 2022. The methodological route was at an explanatory level with a non-experimental cross-sectional design, having as a secondary source of information the ENAHO data with a sample of 64,954 people for the year 2019 and 61,181 for the year 2022. With the application of the Logit econometric model, the findings record that the level of education, number of children from 6 to 12 years old, income, type of work, economic sector, age, sex, marital status, rural geographic area, company size, Spanish language, and poverty based on 2 NBI are determinants. However, the variables number of children from 0 to 5 years old, head of household, and work experience were not determinants of informality. Along these lines, the binomial logit model was able to understand the socioeconomic determinants of labor informality with a good predictive fit ROC=0.934 and ROC=0.933 for the years of study. It was concluded that, in Peru, labor informality in the years 2019 and 2022 is largely explained by socioeconomic determinants. Furthermore, there is no absolute trend in terms of marginal effects for both periods, so their individual evaluation is key to generating policies in favor of economic development.

Power abuse & Monopoly Risk in Healthcare System: Heterodox Analysis & Empiric Ilustration

Moshe Yanovskiy — 2025-04-30

It is generally accepted that the potential for the abuse of power is inherent in medicine, especially under a monopolistic system. The case of doctors in Nazi Germany provides a frightening example of such power abuse. History provides additional examples of grave power abuse by government-run healthcare entities. In this paper, we first analyze the historical and institutional context of doctors’ behavior in Nazi Germany and then proceed to analyze instances of medical power abuse in other totalitarian countries. Subsequently, we examine some dangerous trends in modern democracies. While state-run medicine has the capability to provide effective solutions in certain cases, we should not overlook the potential dangers of power abuse and the degradation of service quality resulting from the state’s domination in healthcare. It is questionable whether ethical guidelines and proper education alone can substitute institutional means to safeguard patients’ rights. These dangers need to be carefully analyzed when determining medical policy. For example, the well-known problem of information asymmetry between doctors and patients can be effectively mitigated in a free society with a competitive market for healthcare.

In-work Poverty and Hidden Gender Bias in Spain within the Framework of the European Union: The Black Box of Household Negotiation, Economic Dependence, and the Welfare State

Ana Belen Miquel Burgos — 2025-04-30

This article investigates the hidden gender bias in in-work poverty within the European Union (EU). Using data from EUROSTAT, INE, EIGE, and various surveys, it identifies inconsistencies in poverty rates among employed women due to issues with construction and equivalence scales. The research highlights the "gender paradox," where women face significant disadvantages in the labour market, yet statistical data do not always reflect a gender bias in in-work poverty rates. To elucidate this phenomenon, the study advocates for expanding the analysis of indicators with alternative aggregation methodologies to better understand the household black box. It proposes an alternative methodology for assessing in-work poverty, considering individual incomes and family responsibilities, and suggests including in-kind benefits in poverty measurements. The findings underscore the importance of addressing gender biases in the labour market and their impact on in-work poverty.

Alfalfa Production in Puno: Trends and Implications for Agriculture and Livestock Farming

Sabino Edgar Mamani Choque — 2025-04-30

This research on alfalfa production in Puno analyzes the transformation of the regional agricultural structure during the last decades, highlighting the strategic role of this crop in the agricultural and livestock contexts. Based on data from the 1996/1997 to 2021/2022 agricultural campaigns, trends are identified such as the increase in the area destined for forage, driven by climate change and migration to mining activities. These changes have generated a shift from traditional crops to more resistant and profitable ones, such as alfalfa, which supports the growing dairy livestock activity. Techniques such as cluster analysis were used to classify districts according to production patterns and the Gompertz model to evaluate technological adoption. On the other hand, based on data from the 2012 National Agricultural Census, three agricultural groups were identified, characterized by levels of specialization and climatic adaptability. Furthermore, a sigmoid pattern was observed in the adoption of alfalfa, with slow initial growth that accelerated in recent years, consolidating it as a key crop. In conclusion, the need for policies that balance sustainability, productivity and resilience to climate and social challenges is highlighted.

New Pricing Strategies: Exploring PAYW (Pay as YouWish) Innovations

Jorge Eduardo Orozco Alvarez — 2025-04-30

This research article examines the impact and applicability of innovative pricing strategies in today’s market.
With a particular focus on PAYW (Pay How Much YouWant) Innovations, we explore how this pricing
model challenges traditional approaches. We investigated how the Pay As YouWant model is being adopted
by various companies in different sectors, evaluating its advantages and challenges. Also, it analyzes how
this strategy can influence the consumer’s perception of value and relationships with customers. Through
an in-depth analysis of pricing dynamics and relevant case studies in global companies, we seek to provide
a comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness and potential of PAYW Innovations in shaping future
business strategies. It was identified that the implementation of PAYW poses a strategic challenge for companies: how to empower customers while maintaining profitability over time.

Financial Self-Determination: An Endogenous Factor in Individual Financial Health

Esmeralda Gómez López — 2025-04-30

This article examines self-determination as a key endogenous factor in individual financial stability, highlighting its role in economic decision-making and the construction of financial freedom. Through a theoretical review, the foundations of self-determination are identified from a multidisciplinary perspective, integrating contributions from economics, psychology, and social sciences. The adopted methodology is based on the praxeological dimension of human action, complemented by an evolutionary approach inspired by the Evolutionary Theory of Economic Institutions. The findings suggest that self-determination directly influences time preference, savings, investment, and financial planning, establishing itself as an essential mechanism for autonomous wealth management. Additionally, structural barriers that limit its exercise are identified, such as institutional intervention and hegemonic ties that constrain an individual’s ability to make decisions aligned with their financial goals. Although the study is based on a theoretical framework, it acknowledges that the lack of direct empirical evidence limits the conclusive confirmation of the proposed hypotheses. However, it is argued that the article incorporates references to relevant empirical research in other fields, which indirectly reinforces the validity of the developed arguments. This approach opens the door to future empirical research that delves deeper into the relationship between financial self-determination and financial well-being.