Comparison and Selection among AI Models: A Heterodox Analysis of Conditions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26867/Keywords:
Artificial intelligence, transparency, sustainability, black-box dilemma, biases and risks, heterodox approaches.Abstract
This paper presents a heterodox review of the development of everyday implementations of artificial intelligence algorithms, their biases, and the risks they pose to human life due to a lack of transparency, or
the black-box effect. It focuses on evaluating a problem that has influenced the development of artificial intelligence: the ethical–economic dilemma of the black box and its associated paradox. Concentrating on this dilemma—whether transparency should prevail over algorithmic performance, and how each is valued in light of biases and risks—helps to clarify the paradox that underlies the current dichotomy between the Anglo-Saxon and continental European worlds. Using a bibliometric–narrative and critical–hermeneutic approach, and drawing on the theoretical and methodological frameworks of Austrian economics and neoinstitutional economics (with their tradition of analyzing other black boxes such as the State, the public sector, and welfare economics), this paper offers an exposition and explanation of the problem, its scope, and the prospects for a future convergence of positions on the matter.
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